Description
Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods Edition 2
by Peter B. Kraska EBOOK PDF Instant Download
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part 1 Disciplinary, Theoretical, and Philosophical Foundations
Chapter 1 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND CRIMINOLOGY RESEARCH: MAPPING THE TERRAIN
Knowledge, Research, and Power
The Relevance of Research
What Do We Research?
Who Are the Researchers?
HIGHLIGHT 1.1: Missing Children Hysteria
How Do We Conduct Research?
Why Do We Conduct Research?
HIGHLIGHT 1.2: A Sample of Potential Exploratory Research Topics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Additional Study
Chapter 2 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
CSI and Science
Alternatives to Research-Based Knowledge
HIGHLIGHT 2.1: Experts Duel over Benefits of Stamping Out Graffiti
How Social Science Works
HIGHLIGHT 2.2: The Horse-Slasher: Origins of Science in Criminology
Steps in the Scientific Research Process
HIGHLIGHT 2.3: A Maverick Criminologist
Scientific Research and Time
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 3 PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
Making Sense of Hurricane Katrina
Philosophical Foundations
HIGHLIGHT 3.1: A Splinter in Your Mind: CSS and The Matrix
HIGHLIGHT 3.2: Participatory Action Research
Theory in Crime and Justice Research
HIGHLIGHT 3.3: What Is Grounded Theory?
HIGHLIGHT 3.4: Ten Ways to State Causal Relations between Religious Attendance and Criminality
HIGHLIGHT 3.5: Night-Lights and Spuriousness
Philosophy and Theory Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Part 2 Considerations in Research Preparation
Chapter 4 THE ETHICS AND POLITICS OF CRIME AND JUSTICE RESEARCH
Preparing to Research Felony Fights
Ethics in Crime and Justice Research
HIGHLIGHT 4.1: An Early Chronology of Research Subject Abuse in the United States
HIGHLIGHT 4.2: Crime and Justice Researchers Breaking the Law
HIGHLIGHT 4.3: Deep Cover Example
HIGHLIGHT 4.4: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Code of Research Ethics
Science and Politics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT
HIGHLIGHT 5.1: Does Police Surveillance Using Closed Circuit Television Work?
Designing Research Questions
HIGHLIGHT 5.2: Techniques for Narrowing a Topic into a Research Question
HIGHLIGHT 5.3: Examples of Bad and Good Research Questions
Measurement: Fear of Crime and Executions
HIGHLIGHT 5.4: IQ Norms and the Death Penalty
Conceptualizing and Operationalizing: An Overview
HIGHLIGHT 5.5: Juvenile Probation Officer Morale
HIGHLIGHT 5.6: Studying Turnover and Pay Among Texas JPOs
Reliability and Validity
A Guide to Quantitative Measurement
HIGHLIGHT 5.7: Measuring Crime Rate Increases Using the UCR
Index Construction
Scales
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 6 SAMPLING IN CRIME AND JUSTICE RESEARCH
Sexual Coercion and Sampling: A Cautionary Tale
HIGHLIGHT 6.1: Researching a Serious Problem: Rape on Campus
Probability Sampling
HIGHLIGHT 6.2: A Detailed Look at the NCVS Survey Sample Method
HIGHLIGHT 6.3: National Violence against Women Study Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Mixed Sampling Approaches for Hidden Populations
HIGHLIGHT 6.4: Two Classic Research Examples Using Snowball Sampling and Hidden Populations
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Part 3 Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
Chapter 7 EXPERIMENTAL AND QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL CRIME AND JUSTICE RESEARCH
The Experiment as the “Gold Standard”
A History of the Experiment in Social Science Research
Experimental Research in Crime and Justice Studies
Choosing an Experiment: Factors to Consider
The Importance of Random Assignment
Experimental Design Logic
Types of Design
HIGHLIGHT 7.1: Unraveling the Mystery of the Crime Drop
Internal and External Validity
Practical Considerations
Meta-Analysis of Experiments
HIGHLIGHT 7.2: Straightening Out Offenders: A Meta-Analysis of Military- Style Boot Camps
Beware of Naïvete
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 8 SURVEY AND INTERVIEW METHODS
Getting It Straight from the Horse’s Mouth
A History of Survey Research
Survey Research in Crime and Justice Studies
Choosing to Survey: Factors to Consider
HIGHLIGHT 8.1: Researching Homeland Security
The Logic of Survey Research
Constructing the Questionnaire
HIGHLIGHT 8.2: The Critical Role of Self-Report Surveys
HIGHLIGHT 8.3: Sample Questions and Findings from Policing Schools Survey
Types of Surveys: Advantages and Disadvantages
HIGHLIGHT 8.4: Web Surveys Sent to Correctional Agencies
HIGHLIGHT 8.5: Interviewing Street Youth and Anomie Theory
The “Meaning” Difficulty in Survey Research
Ethical Survey Research
HIGHLIGHT 8.6: Kraska’s Five Minutes of Pain
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 9 NONREACTIVE RESEARCH: CONTENT ANALYSIS AND EXISTING DOCUMENTS/STATISTICS
Digging up Data
HIGHLIGHT 9.1: Death on the Roadside
Nonreactive Research in Crime and Justice Studies
HIGHLIGHT 9.2: To Map or Not to Map—Derek Paulsen’s Crime-Mapping Experiment with the Police
Factors to Consider When Choosing Nonreactive methods
Nonreactive Research Methods
HIGHLIGHT 9.3: Caught on Camera: Nonreactive Shoplifting Study
Quantitative Content Analysis
Existing Documents/Statistics
HIGHLIGHT 9.4: Counting Death: The Morgue versus Surveys
HIGHLIGHT 9.5: Racial Assault with a Baseball? Measuring Race-Motivated Aggression
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 10 ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
Dying for Statistics
Dealing with Data
HIGHLIGHT 10.1: Neuman’s Dealings with Data
Results with One Variable
HIGHLIGHT 10.2: Calculating z-Scores
Results with Two Variables
HIGHLIGHT 10.3: Graphing Accurately
Inferential Statistics
HIGHLIGHT 10.4: Chi-Square
Being Critical: Ethics and Statistics
HIGHLIGHT 10.5: Statistical Programs on Computers
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Part 4 Qualitative Research, Mixed Methods, and Presenting Research
Chapter 11 THE NATURE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Home-Grown Terrorism Data
Qualitative Research Basics
Qualitative “Versus” Quantitative Research
Features of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA)
HIGHLIGHT 11.1: Deciphering Meaning from a Photograph
HIGHLIGHT 11.2: Semiotics and the Study of Crime and Justice
HIGHLIGHT 11.3: Visual Crime and Justice Studies
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 12 CRIME AND JUSTICE ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD RESEARCH
Home-Brewing Steroids: Generating Grounded Theory
The Roots of Ethnographic Field Research
HIGHLIGHT 12.1: An Excerpt from Clifford Geertz’s Famous Description of a Balinese Cockfight
Ethnographic Field Research in Crime and Justice Studies
Appropriate Questions for Ethnographic Field Research
The Logic of Field Research
Choosing a Site and Gaining Access
HIGHLIGHT 12.2: Entering the Field with Active Burglars
HIGHLIGHT 12.3: Enjoying Militarism
Relations in the Field
Observing and Collecting Data
The Field Research Interview
HIGHLIGHT 12.4: The Life History or Life Story Interview
Leaving the Field
Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 13 HISTORICAL, ACADEMIC LEGAL, AND MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
Historical Research
HIGHLIGHT 13.1: Seeing Past Events in a New Light, Racial Boundaries in the United States
HIGHLIGHT 13.2: Using Archival Data
HIGHLIGHT 13.3: World War II, Military Justice, and Racism
HIGHLIGHT 13.4: Women of the Klan
Academic Legal Research (ALR)
HIGHLIGHT 13.5: A Quick Guide to Using Westlaw and Westlaw Campus
Mixed Methods Research
HIGHLIGHT 13.6: Discovering the Benefits of Mixed Methods Research
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 14 PRESENTING CRIME AND JUSTICE RESEARCH
Communing with Our Audience
Why Write a Report?
Writing Considerations
The Writing Process
HIGHLIGHT 14.1: Suggestions for Ending Writer’s Block
The Quantitative Research Report
HIGHLIGHT 14.2: Suggestions for Rewriting
The Qualitative Research Report
HIGHLIGHT 14.3: Why Qualitative Research Reports Are Longer
HIGHLIGHT 14.4: Features to Consider in the Historical-Comparative Research Report
The Research Proposal
What Happens to the Research?
Conclusion
Conclusion to the Book
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Appendix A: Epistemology Elaborated
Appendix B: All About Researching and Reviewing Literature
Appendix C: Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques
Bibliography
Index
