Description
Children: A Chronological Approach, Fifth Canadian Edition,
by Robert V. Kail EBOOK PDF Instant Download
Table of Contents
Children A Chronological Approach
Brief Contents
Contents
Boxes
Preface
Recent Advances in Research
Retained Features
Canadian Cultural Context
Support Materials
About the Authors
Dedication
Chapter 1 Child Development: Theories and Themes
Module
1.1 Theories of Child Development
Learning Objectives
Canada’s Unique Contribution
The Biological Perspective
The Psychodynamic Perspective
Theory of Personality
Theory of Psychosexual Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
The Learning Perspective
Early Learning Theories
Social Cognitive Theory
The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective
The Contextual Perspective
Newer Approaches to Child Development
Information-Processing Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Developmental Psychopathology
The Big Picture
1.2 Themes in Child-Development Research
Learning Objectives
Early Development Is Related to Later Development but Not Perfectly
Development Is Always Jointly Influenced by Heredity and Environment
Children Help Determine Their Own Development
Development in Different Domains Is Connected
Summary
1.1 Theories of Child Development
Canada’s Unique Contribution
The Biological Perspective
The Psychodynamic Perspective
The Learning Perspective
The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective
The Contextual Perspective
Newer Approaches to Child Development
1.2 Themes in Child-Development Research
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 2 Research in Child Development
Module
2.1 Doing Child-Development Research
Learning Objectives
Measurement in Child-Development Research
Systematic Observation
Sampling Behaviour with Tasks
Self-Reports
Representative Sampling
General Designs for Research
Correlational Studies
Experimental Studies
Methods for Studying Development
Longitudinal Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Ethical Responsibilities
Communicating Research Results
2.2 Child-Development Research and Family Policy
Learning Objectives
Background
Ways to Influence Social Policy
Build Understanding of Children and Their Development
Serve as an Advocate for Children
Evaluate Policies and Programs
Develop a Model Program
An Emphasis on Policy Implications Improves Research
Summary
2.1 Doing Child-Development Research
Measurement in Child-Development Research
General Designs for Research
Methods for Studying Development
Ethical Responsibilities
Communicating Research Results
2.2 Child-Development Research and Family Policy
Background
Ways to Influence Social Policy
An Emphasis on Policy Implications Improves Research
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 3 Genetic Bases of Child Development
Module
3.1 Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objectives
The Biology of Heredity
Single Gene Inheritance
Behavioural Genetics
Methods of Behavioural Genetics
Nonshared Environmental Influences
3.2 Genetic Disorders
Learning Objectives
Inherited Disorders
Abnormal Chromosomes
3.3 Heredity Is Not Destiny
Learning Objectives
Genes, the Environment, and Behaviour
Reaction Range
Changing Relations between Nature and Nurture
Summary
3.1 Mechanisms of Heredity
The Biology of Heredity
Single Gene Inheritance
Behavioural Genetics
Nonshared Environmental Influences
3.2 Genetic Disorders
Inherited Disorders
Abnormal Chromosomes
3.3 Heredity Is Not Destiny
Genes, the Environment, and Behaviour
Reaction Range
Changing Relations between Nature and Nurture
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth
Module
4.1 From Conception to Birth
Learning Objectives
Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1–2)
Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3–8)
Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9–38)
4.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Learning Objectives
General Risk Factors
Nutrition
Stress
Mother’s Age
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
Diseases
Drugs
Environmental Hazards
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
The Real World of Prenatal Risk
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
4.3 Happy Birthday!
Learning Objectives
Labour and Delivery
Approaches to Childbirth
Birth Complications
Lack of Oxygen
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
The Newborn
Newborn States
Crying
Sleeping
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Postpartum Depression
Summary
4.1 From Conception to Birth
Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1–2)
Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3–8)
Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9–38)
4.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
General Risk Factors
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
4.3 Happy Birthday!
Labour and Delivery
Approaches to Childbirth
Birth Complications
The Newborn
Postpartum Depression
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers
Module
5.1 Healthy Growth
Learning Objectives
Features of Human Growth
Variations on the Average Profile
Mechanisms of Physical Growth
Heredity
Hormones
Nutrition
Challenges to Healthy Growth
Malnutrition
Diseases
Accidents
5.2 The Developing Nervous System
Learning Objectives
A Basic Nerve Cell
Organization of the Mature Brain
The Developing Brain
Emerging Brain Structures
Structure and Function
The Frontal Cortex
Brain Plasticity
5.3 Motor Development
Learning Objectives
The Infant’s Reflexes
Locomotion
Posture and Balance
Stepping
Perceptual Factors
Coordinating Skills
Beyond Walking
Fine-Motor Skills
Reaching and Grasping
Handedness
Maturation, Experience, and Motor Skill
5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Learning Objectives
Smell, Taste, and Touch
Hearing
Seeing
Perceptual Constancies
Depth
Perceiving Objects
Integrating Sensory Information
Summary
5.1 Healthy Growth
Features of Human Growth
Variations on the Average Profile
Mechanisms of Physical Growth
Challenges to Healthy Growth
5.2 The Developing Nervous System
A Basic Nerve Cell
Organization of the Mature Brain
The Developing Brain
5.3 Motor Development
The Infant’s Reflexes
Locomotion
Fine-Motor Skills
Maturation, Experience, and Motor Skill
5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes
Smell, Taste, and Touch
Hearing
Seeing
Integrating Sensory Information
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 6 Cognition in Infants and Toddlers
Module
6.1 Piaget’s Theory
Learning Objectives
Basic Principles of Piaget’s Theory
Assimilation and Accommodation
Equilibration and Stages of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Substage 1: Exercising Reflexes (Roughly Birth to 1 Month)
Substage 2: Learning to Adapt (Roughly 1 to 4 Months)
Substage 3: Making Interesting Events (Roughly 4 to 8 Months)
Substage 4: Using Means to Achieve Ends (Roughly 8 to 12 Months)
Substage 5: Experimenting (Roughly 12 to 18 Months)
Substage 6: Mental Representation (Roughly 18 to 24 Months)
Evaluating Piaget’s Account of Sensorimotor Thought
The Child as Theorist
Naive Physics
Naive Biology
6.2 Information Processing
Learning Objectives
Basic Features of the Information-Processing Approach
Learning
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Imitation
Memory
Understanding the World
Understanding Numbers
Exploring the Environment
Individual Differences in Ability
6.3 Language
Learning Objectives
Perceiving Speech
First Steps to Speaking
First Words
Fast Mapping Meanings to Words
Joint Attention
Constraints on Word Names
Sentence Cues
Naming Errors
Styles of Learning Language
Summary
6.1 Piaget’s Theory
Basic Principles of Piaget’s Theory
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Evaluating Piaget’s Account of Sensorimotor Thought
The Child as Theorist
6.2 Information Processing
Basic Features of the Information-Processing Approach
Learning
Memory
Understanding the World
Individual Differences in Ability
6.3 Language
Perceiving Speech
First Steps to Speaking
First Words
Fast Mapping Meanings to Words
Styles of Learning Language
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 7 Social and Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers
Module
7.1 Emotions
Learning Objectives
Basic Emotions
Happiness
Negative Emotions
Complex Emotions
Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions
Regulating Emotions
7.2 Relationships with Others
Learning Objectives
The Growth of Attachment
Quality of Attachment
Consequences of Quality of Attachment
Factors Determining Quality of Attachment
Parenting Skill, Work, and Child Care
Onset of Peer Interactions
7.3 Self-Concept
Learning Objectives
Origins of Self-Recognition
Moving beyond Self-Recognition
7.4 Temperament
Learning Objectives
What Is Temperament?
Hereditary and Environmental Contributions to Temperament
Stability of Temperament
Temperament and Other Aspects of Development
Summary
7.1 Emotions
Basic Emotions
Complex Emotions
Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions
Regulating Emotions
7.2 Relationships with Others
The Growth of Attachment
Quality of Attachment
Onset of Peer Interactions
7.3 Self-Concept
Origins of Self-Recognition
Moving beyond Self-Recognition
7.4 Temperament
What Is Temperament?
Hereditary and Environmental Contributions to Temperament
Stability of Temperament
Temperament and Other Aspects of Development
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 8 Physical Growth in Preschool Children
Module
8.1 Physical Growth
Learning Objectives
Body Growth
Brain Development
Sleep
8.2 Motor Development
Learning Objectives
Gross-Motor Skills
Fine-Motor Skills
Handedness
Gender Differences in Motor Skills
8.3 Health and Wellness
Learning Objectives
Nutrition
Encouraging Healthy Eating
Threats to Children’s Development
Minor Illnesses
Chronic Illnesses
Accidents
Environmental Contributions to Illness and Injury
Impact of Hospitalization
Jurisdictional Authority and Children’s Health
Summary
8.1 Physical Growth
Body Growth
Brain Development
Sleep
8.2 Motor Development
Gross-Motor Skills
Fine-Motor Skills
Handedness
Gender Differences in Motor Skills
8.3 Health and Wellness
Nutrition
Encouraging Healthy Eating
Threats to Children’s Development
Jurisdictional Authority and Children’s Health
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 9 Cognitive Development in Preschool Children
Module
9.1 Cognitive Processes
Learning Objectives
Piaget’s Account
Characteristics of Preoperational Thinking
Extending Piaget’s Account: Children’s Naive Theories
Information-Processing Perspectives on Preschool Thinking
Attention
Memory
Counting
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Private Speech
9.2 Language
Learning Objectives
Encouraging Word Learning
From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences
How Children Acquire Grammar
9.3 Communicating with Others
Learning Objectives
Taking Turns
Speaking Effectively
Listening Well
9.4 Early Childhood Education
Learning Objectives
Varieties of Early Childhood Education
Preschool Programs for Economically Disadvantaged Children
Using TV to Educate Preschool Children
Summary
9.1 Cognitive Processes
Piaget’s Account
Information-Processing Perspectives on Preschool Thinking
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
9.2 Language
Encouraging Word Learning
From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences
How Children Acquire Grammar
9.3 Communicating with Others
Taking Turns
Speaking Effectively
Listening Well
9.4 Early Childhood Education
Varieties of Early Childhood Education
Preschool Programs for Economically Disadvantaged Children
Using TV to Educate Preschool Children
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 10 Social and Emotional Development in Preschool Children
Module
10.1 Self
Learning Objectives
Gender Roles
Gender Identity
The Socializing Influences of People and the Media
Cognitive Theories of Gender Identity
Biological Influences
Self-Esteem
10.2 Relationships with Parents
Learning Objectives
The Family as a System
Dimensions and Styles
Cultural Differences in Warmth and Control
Parenting Styles
Parental Behaviour
Direct Instruction
Learning by Observing
Feedback
Children’s Contributions
Family Configuration
The Role of Grandparents
Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents
10.3 Relationships with Siblings and Peers
Learning Objectives
Sibling Relationships
First-Born, Later-Born, and Only Children
Qualities of Sibling Relationships
Peer Relationships and Preschoolers’ Play
Make-Believe
Solitary Play
Parental Influence
10.4 Moral Development: Learning to Control One’s Behaviour
Learning Objectives
Beginnings of Self-Control
Parental Influences
Temperamental Influences on Self-Control
Improving Self-Control
Learning about Moral Rules
Summary
10.1 Self
Gender Roles
Gender Identity
Self-Esteem
10.2 Relationships with Parents
The Family as a System
Dimensions and Styles
Parental Behaviour
Children’s Contributions
Family Configuration
10.3 Relationships with Siblings and Peers
Sibling Relationships
Peer Relationships and Preschoolers’ Play
10.4 Moral Development: Learning to Control One’s Behaviour
Beginnings of Self-Control
Parental Influences
Temperamental Influences on Self-Control
Improving Self-Control
Learning about Moral Rules
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 11 Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Module
11.1 Growth of the Body
Learning Objectives
Physical Growth
Nutrition
Obesity
Tooth Development
Vision and Hearing
11.2 Motor Development
Learning Objectives
Development of Motor Skills
Gender Differences in Motor Skill
Physical Fitness
Participating in Sports
Accidents
Summary
11.1 Growth of the Body
Physical Growth
Nutrition
Tooth Development
Vision and Hearing
11.2 Motor Development
Development of Motor Skills
Physical Fitness
Participating in Sports
Accidents
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 12 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Module
12.1 Cognitive Processes
Learning Objectives
Concrete Operational Thinking
Memory Skills
Strategies for Remembering
Knowledge and Memory
12.2 The Nature of Intelligence
Learning Objectives
Psychometric Theories
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
12.3 Individual Differences in Intellectual Skills
Learning Objectives
Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing
Do Intelligence Tests Work?
Hereditary and Environmental Factors
Impact of Culture and Social Class
Gender Differences in Intellectual Abilities and Achievement
Verbal Ability
Spatial Ability
Mathematics
12.4 Academic Skills
Learning Objectives
Reading Skills
Prereading Skills
Recognizing Words
Comprehension
Writing Skills
Greater Knowledge and Access to Knowledge about Topics
Greater Understanding of How to Organize Writing
Greater Ease in Dealing with the Mechanical Requirements of Writing
Greater Skill in Revising
Math Skills
International Studies of Mathematics Achievement
12.5 Effective Schools
Learning Objectives
School-Based Influences on Student Achievement
Teacher-Based Influences on Student Achievement
The Role of Computers
Summary
12.1 Cognitive Processes
Concrete Operational Thinking
Memory Skills
12.2 The Nature of Intelligence
Psychometric Theories
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
12.3 Individual Differences in Intellectual Skills
Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing
Do Intelligence Tests Work?
Hereditary and Environmental Factors
Impact of Culture and Social Class
Gender Differences in Intellectual Abilities and Achievement
12.4 Academic Skills
Reading Skills
Writing Skills
Math Skills
12.5 Effective Schools
School-Based Influences on Student Achievement
Teacher-Based Influences on Student Achievement
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 13 Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
Module
13.1 Self-Esteem
Learning Objectives
Measuring Self-Esteem
Developmental Change in Self-Esteem
Sources of Self-Esteem
Consequences of Low Self-Esteem
13.2 Relationships with Peers
Learning Objectives
An Overview of Peer Interactions in Middle Childhood
Friendship
Quality and Consequences of Friendship
Popularity and Rejection
Consequences of Rejection
Causes of Rejection
Prejudice
13.3 Helping Others
Learning Objectives
Skills Underlying Prosocial Behaviour
Situational Influences
Socializing Prosocial Behaviour
13.4 Aggression
Learning Objectives
The Nature of Children’s Aggressive Behaviour
The Impact of Aggression on Children
Aggression in Families
Abuse of Children
Impact of Television
Cognitive Processes
Victims of Peer Aggression
13.5 Families in the Early Twenty-First Century
Learning Objectives
After-School Care
Divorce
Family Life after Divorce
Impact of Divorce on Children
Adjusting to Divorce
Blended Families
Skip-Generation Families
Foster Families
Summary
13.1 Self-Esteem
Measuring Self-Esteem
Developmental Change in Self-Esteem
Sources of Self-Esteem
Consequences of Low Self-Esteem
13.2 Relationships with Peers
An Overview of Peer Interactions in Middle Childhood
Friendship
Popularity and Rejection
Prejudice
13.3 Helping Others
Skills Underlying Prosocial Behaviour
Situational Influences
Socializing Prosocial Behaviour
13.4 Aggression
The Nature of Children’s Aggressive Behaviour
The Impact of Aggression on Children
Victims of Peer Aggression
13.5 Families in the Early Twenty-First Century
After-School Care
Divorce
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 14 Physical Growth in Adolescents
Module
14.1 Pubertal Changes
Learning Objectives
Signs of Physical Maturation
Physical Growth
Sexual Maturation
Mechanisms of Maturation
Psychological Impact of Puberty
Body Image
Response to Menarche and Spermarche
Cognitive Control and the Developing Brain
Rate of Maturation
14.2 Sexuality
Learning Objectives
Sexual Behaviour
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Teenage Pregnancy and Contraception
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Coercion
A Final Remark
14.3 Health
Learning Objectives
Nutrition
Anorexia and Bulimia
Physical Fitness
Threats to Adolescent Well-Being
Summary
14.1 Pubertal Changes
Signs of Physical Maturation
Mechanisms of Maturation
Psychological Impact of Puberty
14.2 Sexuality
Sexual Behaviour
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Coercion
14.3 Health
Nutrition
Physical Fitness
Threats to Adolescent Well-Being
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 15 Cognitive Processes in Adolescents
Module
15.1 Cognition
Learning Objectives
Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operational Reasoning
Theory of Actual Thinking or Possible Thinking
Information Processing during Adolescence
Basic Processes of Working Memory and Processing Speed
Content Knowledge
Strategies and Metacognitive Skill
15.2 Reasoning about Moral Issues
Learning Objectives
Kohlberg’s Theory
Support for Kohlberg’s Theory
Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring
Promoting Moral Reasoning
15.3 The World of Work
Learning Objectives
Career Development
Personality-Type Theory
Part-Time Employment
15.4 Special Challenges
Learning Objectives
Learning Disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Intellectual Delay
Summary
15.1 Cognition
Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operational Reasoning
Information Processing during Adolescence
15.2 Reasoning about Moral Issues
Kohlberg’s Theory
Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring
Promoting Moral Reasoning
15.3 The World of Work
Career Development
Part-Time Employment
15.4 Special Challenges
Learning Disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Intellectual Delay
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Chapter 16 Social and Emotional Development in Adolescents
Module
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
Learning Objectives
The Search for Identity
Ethnic Identity
Self-Esteem in Adolescence
16.2 Relationships with Parents and Peers
Learning Objectives
Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence
Relationships with Peers
Groups
Group Structure
Peer Pressure
Friendship
Romantic Relationships
16.3 The Dark Side
Learning Objectives
Alcohol and Drug Use
Depression
Treating Depression
Delinquency
Causes of Delinquency
Treatment and Prevention
Summary
16.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
The Search for Identity
Ethnic Identity
Self-Esteem in Adolescence
16.2 Relationships with Parents and Peers
Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence
Relationships with Peers
16.3 The Dark Side
Alcohol and Drug Use
Depression
Delinquency
Chapter Critical Review
See for Yourself
Glossary
References
Name Index
